Using violence to defend one’s homeland from invasion seems to be one of the more clear-cut cases of morally justified violence. Still, violent civil defense takes a huge toll on combatants, civilians (including infants, children, the sick and elderly), animals and the environment, so, if there is another way, it would seem to be worth exploring. In a creative essay, Jessie Wallace Hughan, a noted suffragette from the early 20th century, argued that it is possible to defend oneself from invaders without using violence. If you are curious as to how this could be done and would like to discuss whether her plan could work, sign up for PHL 216 Violence and Nonviolence for next semester. Contact Dr. Paul at linda.paul@wilkes.edu for more information.